In a world marked by constant change, where the lines between migration and rootedness blur, and where the intersection of identities weaves a complex tapestry, we find ourselves in a time of both harmonization and dissonance. We are, as Amin Maalouf suggests, all in a sense migrants, navigating a universe that bears little resemblance to the place of our birth. Our identities, once solid and unchanging, are now fluid and evolving throughout our lifetimes.

As Wilhelm Reich profoundly stated, “You think the end justifies the means, however vile. I tell you: the end is the means by which you achieve it. Today’s step is tomorrow’s life. Great ends cannot be attained by base means. You’ve proved that in all your social upheavals. The meanness and inhumanity of the means make you mean and inhuman and make the end unattainable.” Reich’s words emphasize the profound link between the means and the ends in the journey of identity. It’s a reminder that the path we choose matters as much as the destination.

The concept of identity, deeply intertwined with the idea of migration, is in a state of constant flux. We are shaped not only by our roots but by the environments we find ourselves in. Identity is a construct that continually adapts as we encounter new cultures, languages, and ideas. As Maalouf points out, being a migrant is not limited to those who have been forced to leave their native lands; it now encompasses a broader definition. We all must learn new languages, adapt to different modes of speech, and internalize codes that are alien to our original identities.

This process of evolving identity often leaves us feeling torn, caught between the land we left and the land we’ve embraced. Embracing a new culture is not an act of betrayal, but a complex negotiation that involves navigating a range of emotions. The new culture may be one of rejection, a response to repression, insecurity, or lack of opportunity. Yet, the act of leaving behind a part of one’s identity, even when it is rooted in challenging circumstances, carries a sense of guilt and sadness.

However, the essence of a harmonious society lies in the acceptance of all identities. As Maya Angelou eloquently puts it, “We all should know that diversity makes for a rich tapestry, and we must understand that all the threads of the tapestry are equal in value no matter what their color.” Diversity is not just a matter of ethnicity or race but also encompasses gender, religion, language, sexual orientation, and more.

Public spaces, those shared realms where communities intersect and coexist, play a pivotal role in fostering diversity and promoting antiracism. These spaces serve as the common ground where individuals of various backgrounds, cultures, and identities come together. In public spaces, the lines that separate us based on ethnicity, race, or other characteristics begin to blur, as the shared experience of coexisting takes precedence.

Jane Jacobs, in her timeless work “The Death and Life of Great American Cities,” emphasizes the significance of well-designed urban areas. Cities have the potential to provide something for everybody, but only when they are created collaboratively. A harmonious city is characterized by clear boundaries between public and private spaces, with buildings oriented toward streets and sidewalks continuously bustling with activity. This inclusivity is the key to making cities vibrant and livable.

Public spaces, whether bustling city squares, serene parks, or vibrant neighborhoods, offer an opportunity for individuals to engage with one another. This engagement, often spontaneous and unscripted, allows people to witness the surrounding diversity, breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. The mere act of sharing a public space fosters a sense of interconnectedness, promoting empathy, understanding, and appreciation of different cultures and identities.

Moreover, these spaces provide a platform for the expression of diverse identities. Cultural events, festivals, and gatherings in public spaces celebrate a rich tapestry of traditions, languages, and customs. They become a testament to the beauty of diversity, showcasing the value of different perspectives and experiences.

In our quest to honor diversity and promote antiracism, public spaces offer a critical arena for change. Angela Y. Davis reminds us that in a racist society, it’s not enough to be non-racist; we must actively be anti-racist. This means challenging systemic prejudices and working towards a more inclusive society. In this process, the personal becomes political as we confront the ideologies that underlie racism and repression. The very design and utilization of public spaces can either perpetuate racial inequalities or challenge them.

By creating inclusive and accessible public spaces, we send a powerful message that all individuals, regardless of their ethnicity or race, have a right to exist, interact, and thrive in our communities. When public spaces are designed to accommodate a variety of cultural expressions, they contribute to dismantling systemic prejudices and fostering an environment of acceptance and equality.

“The Big Welcome,” an adaptation of words by Kate Morales, epitomizes the essence of public spaces in welcoming individuals of all backgrounds. It acknowledges their culture, ethnicity, religion, and gender, emphasizing that everyone is welcome, and their unique identities are celebrated.

Amin Maalouf’s idea of heritage highlights the role of culture in constructing a sense of belonging. People carry their heritage with them, whether in the form of names, languages, rituals, or memories. These portable emblems of the past lend continuity to new homes and serve as a connection to one’s roots.

Identity, deeply rooted in cultural memory, is maintained through collective self-images, rites, monuments, and institutional communication. Maurice Halbwachs’ concept of fixed points and figures of memory underlines the significance of cultural objectivation in preserving and stabilizing cultural memory.

In a rapidly changing world, our identities and the spaces we inhabit must reflect the richness of human diversity. Public spaces stand as the physical embodiment of our commitment to antiracism, where all individuals can embrace their identity and find their place in a world that values and celebrates the full spectrum of human experiences. As Maya Angelou wisely noted, “If we try and understand each other, we may even become friends.” It is this understanding and acceptance, fostered by public spaces, that will lead us toward a more harmonious and inclusive future.

* References

• Angelou, Maya. “Wouldn’t Take Nothing for My Journey Now.” Bantam, 1993

• Jacobs, Jane. “The Death and Life of Great American Cities.” Vintage, 1992.

• Davis, Angela Y. “Freedom is a Constant Struggle.” Haymarket Books, 2016.

• Maalouf, Amin. “In the Name of Identity: Violence and the Need to Belong.” Penguin, 2001.

• Morales, Kate. “The Big Welcome,” adapted from Mycelium School (2013-2016), in “Slow Spatial Reader: Chronicles of Radical Affection,” edited by Carolyn F. Strauss, Valiz, 2021.

• Lowenthal, David. “The Past is a Foreign Country.” Cambridge University Press, 1985.

• Halbwachs, Maurice. “On Collective Memory.” University of Chicago Press, 1992.

• Wilhelm Reich, “Listen, Little Man!”, The Noonday Press, 1948

Photo: Konstantina Chrysostomou, 2016

Currently, in the city of Barcelona, there are a total of 180,000 dogs registered with microchips, which is more than the population of children under 12 years old. This means that 25% of the city’s population lives with a dog. Incredible, isn’t it?

Studies show that young adults under 40 years old, the Millennials, have recently surpassed Boomers in dog adoption. In the United States, it is estimated that more than half of Millennials live with a dog. The rate of cohabitation with companion animals is even higher among people with university education and stable incomes, the same people who are more likely to delay marriage, having children, and homeownership beyond the established timelines of previous generations. But it’s not just that. Dogs can be much more: a way to root oneself in a new place, a roommate for people living alone, and they can play an important role in helping people’s mental health.

Taking care of a dog is one of those life-changing experiences. Or at least, it makes you see and live situations that you would have never experienced otherwise. Personally, it has increased my awareness of the micro-landscape of my neighborhood and how dogs interact with public spaces, and how I – as a dog companion – interact with public spaces.

A typical day with my dog would be:

• 8:25 Getting Rock ready for a walk.
• 8:28 Having a conversation with neighbors in the elevator about how excited Rock is to go out.
• 8:30 We’re already out walking with Rock, sniffing all the trees along our route (26 trees, 1 water fountain, 7 trash cans).
• 8:50 Buying bread from the bakery. Chatting with other dog owners in the neighborhood.
• 8:55 On our way back home, stopping so that the kids waiting to enter school can greet Rock.
• 9:00 Entering the house.
• 18:55 Getting Rock ready for another walk.
• 19:00 Walking with Rock in Montjuïc and chatting with other dog owners (93 trees, 4 water fountains, 41 trash cans, 1 shared-use area, 1 water space).
• 20:00 Returning home. Talking to neighbors returning from work who greet Rock.

The interaction and connection with my neighbors and the environment where I live are understood differently. It’s no longer just about having a beautiful and pleasant landscape with seating areas, but also about having waste bins, rubbish cans, and water fountains. And since I walk in the evening, it’s important for the space to be well-lit and for me to feel safe. It’s another way of perceiving the urban space and the role of a dog in this ecosystem.

Let me quickly explain the four significant things my dog has taught me about my neighborhood and its people:

The dog as a triangulator

Although the topic of dogs can be quite contentious among people who feel comfortable with them and those who don’t, I increasingly see dogs as great triangulators in public spaces.

But first, what does triangulation mean? 

Triangulation can be defined as “the characteristic of a public space that can bring together strangers. Usually, it is an external stimulus of some kind.”

A bus stop can be an element of triangulation. A person playing music on the street can be, too. It could be any element that makes two unknown people pause for a second and talk. That being said, a dog is a great triangulator.

While walking my dog, I have met and interacted with more neighbors in my neighborhood than in the past five years I have lived there. The dog makes people lower their guard, slows down their pace, and encourages greetings, conversations, and smiles. The last time I experienced this kind of “unforced” interaction, naturally, was when I bought a bouquet of flowers. Just as the bouquet of flowers made my neighbors talk to me about the flowers, smile, or greet me, the same thing is happening now with my dog.

Dog recreation areas as spaces for socialization

When you walk a dog, you automatically become part of an informal club of “people who care for a dog.” If you don’t have a dog, it’s not as easy to enter this group since the conversation typically revolves around your dog, other dogs, and the weather.

Dog recreation areas, then, are the spaces where these strangers meet and talk. Dog caregivers need these spaces—a safe environment where their dogs can exercise regularly and safely because dogs enjoy walking, running, and socializing with other dogs. It is a vital part of a dog’s life when living in an apartment in Barcelona.

What many associations working to improve the quality of life for dogs, their caregivers, and other citizens, especially in urban environments, are requesting is a reconsideration of the model for dog recreation areas. They aim to move towards a less segregated model, taking into account that dog-owning families may also have children who want to play at the same time. That’s why it is necessary to move towards a model that accommodates different groups in shared-use spaces that adapt to the daily needs of each family.

Moreover, not all dogs feel comfortable in these areas. Speaking with a dog trainer, she mentioned that dog recreation areas are suitable for dogs up to 4-5 years old and typically attract a large number of dogs. Older dogs can feel anxious in these environments, much like how we would feel if we were sent to relax inside a ball pit in a children’s playground. So where do these dogs that don’t enjoy dog recreation areas go?

It’s important to explore alternative options that cater to the diverse needs of dogs, including quieter spaces or alternative socialization opportunities, to ensure the well-being of all dogs in urban settings.

Dog Routes

Each neighborhood has an invisible and informal network of dog routes designed for walking dogs, which helps people get out of the house and engage in daily exercise, promoting their mental and physical health. These routes are typically circular, within a 20-minute distance from home, and are chosen for their specific characteristics. A good dog route is pleasant and includes a water fountain, many rubbish bins, permeable spaces and/or green areas, good lighting at night, wide side walks, good visibility, and “dog-friendly” local businesses. Dog routes may vary between winter and summer, as people seek the sun during summer and shade during winter. Canine routes are fully integrated into the 15-minute city model, adding the layer of carrying out daily tasks accompanied by a dog.

The 15-minute city model aims to create more liveable, sustainable, and resilient cities, ensuring that people have access to essential services and amenities within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their homes. Dogs can play a vital role in supporting this model, as they encourage people to walk more and spend more time outdoors, promoting a healthier and more active lifestyle.

People who walk their dogs often take their animals out multiple times a day, providing them with the opportunity to explore their local neighborhoods, interact with other people and dogs, and discover new parks and green spaces. As a result, dogs can help people discover and connect with their communities, fostering a sense of belonging and improving social cohesion. Furthermore, dogs can help increase the visibility and use of public spaces within the 15-minute city model, such as dog-friendly parks and cafés. 

Dogs can also be a tool to promote sustainable transportation, such as walking and cycling, which can help reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. This can contribute to a more sustainable and resilient city that is better equipped to address the challenges of climate change.

Overall, dogs can play a crucial role in supporting the 15-minute city model by fostering active lifestyles, reinforcing social connections, increasing the use of public spaces, and promoting sustainable transportation through dog routes.

But what should these spaces be like to ensure quality and improve coexistence?

Design, Maintenance, and Community Involvement

Dog routes, dog parks, and shared-use areas (SUA) must meet certain basic criteria.

Regarding the daily dog routes, they should be safe, accessible, with plenty of trees and permeable surfaces, and equipped with public amenities to ensure the well-being of dogs, the people who walk them, and the community as a whole. In terms of design criteria for daily routes, they should include:

• Benches and/or permeable surfaces (not rubberized)
• Accessible water sources for dogs of all heights
• Rubbish bins and bag dispensers
• Good nighttime lighting
• Wide side walks for walking the dog and stopping to socialize
• Minimal car traffic speed
• Good visibility
• Ground-floor facades with activity and “dog-friendly” businesses such as bakeries, fruit shops, etc.

The cities of the future are not just about skyscrapers, technological innovation, or green initiatives. They are about people—the diverse, complex, and ever-evolving tapestry of individuals who will inhabit them. As social architects and urbanists, our role is not merely to plan and build but to deeply understand for whom we are designing. This understanding shapes every decision we make, compelling us to ask: How do we create spaces that resonate with the lived experiences of all?

A New Urban Demographic

The demographic landscape of cities is shifting rapidly. Migration, aging populations, and changing family structures are reshaping urban communities. The United Nations estimates that by 2050, nearly 68% of the world’s population will live in urban areas, many driven there by climate change, conflict, and economic opportunity. Francesca Tur Serra, speaking at a recent forum, captured this dynamic, stating: “We are entering a world of intercultural, non-normative, health-seeking, and augmented urban inhabitants.” These changes demand cities that are flexible, inclusive, and adaptable.

Migrants, for instance, bring rich cultural diversity but also highlight the urgent need for spaces that foster social cohesion. Projects like Kitchen Square in Stockholm, where a public square became an outdoor kitchen for shared meals, exemplify how design can bridge cultural divides. The goal is clear: “How can we cultivate a society where difference is seen as an opportunity to enrich each other?” asked Tur Serra.

Rethinking the Norm

Traditional family structures and work patterns are evolving. Increasingly, cities host single-person households, childless couples, and individuals seeking multigenerational or communal living arrangements. This necessitates new housing models—compact apartments, co-living spaces, and adaptable neighborhoods that accommodate various lifestyles.

Workplaces, too, are transforming. Remote work, flexible schedules, and digital nomadism redefine how we design urban spaces. Former office buildings can become community hubs, childcare centers, or affordable housing. “Cities must evolve to meet these non-normative realities,” Tur Serra remarked, urging us to think beyond the conventional.

Health as a Design Priority

The future city dweller seeks holistic well-being—physical, mental, and social. Loneliness, a growing concern, demands creative urban interventions. Initiatives like Chat Benches, where strangers can connect, or designing parks for tai chi and communal exercise, exemplify how public spaces can combat isolation.

Moreover, aging populations challenge us to rethink accessibility and purpose. Shared programs where seniors care for children or manage community spaces create intergenerational connections and offer a renewed sense of purpose.

Balancing Technology and Tradition

Technology, though omnipresent, must serve as an enabler rather than a dictator. Cities equipped with accessible, invisible tech can enhance daily life—think AI-powered infrastructure or shared tools. But as Tur Serra noted, “We also need spaces free from technology, where people can reconnect with tradition and each other.”

The Finnish example of a phone-free island illustrates this balance. Urban spaces should offer both hyper-connected zones and “disconnect zones” where human interaction takes precedence.

Designing with Ethics and Optimism

“People are not just inhabitants of cities; they are changemakers,” said Berta Segura Agulló. This insight highlights the ethical responsibility urbanists bear. We must engage communities in decision-making, recognizing their lived expertise. Incorporating diverse voices ensures cities are not only functional but also equitable and inspiring.

Optimism is key. “Cities need optimism,” said Tur Serra. By designing with a forward-thinking mindset, we can address present challenges while embracing the opportunities that lie ahead.

For Whom Do We Design?

Ultimately, we design for everyone—the migrant, the single parent, the aging retiree, and the tech-savvy nomad. Our work is not about imposing solutions but facilitating lives, fostering connections, and nurturing a sense of belonging. As we move forward, let us remember the words of urbanist Jane Jacobs: “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

In shaping the cities of tomorrow, we must listen, adapt, and lead with both humility and hope. The urban future depends not just on what we build but on how we include, empower, and inspire the people who will live there.

The 21st century has been marked by rapid technological advancement, social transformation, and geopolitical complexity. Amidst this landscape, the principles of ethics and good governance are not just ideals; they are the scaffolding that supports functional democracies and resilient societies. This critical perspective was the focus of the institutional closing ceremony of the European Capital of Democracy, where a panel of experts explored how ethical frameworks and governance models shape the present and future of democratic systems.

Ethics: The Moral Compass of Progress

Ethics is often considered abstract—a domain of philosophers and moral theorists. Yet, as Begoña Román, president of the Catalan Ethics Committee of Social Services, eloquently articulated, ethics is profoundly pragmatic. “Ethics is not about abstract perfection but about creating the conditions for living well together,” she said. In a world where institutions frequently face the erosion of public trust, ethics provides a framework for rebuilding connections between governments, organizations, and citizens.

Román emphasized that ethical governance is not about neutrality or impartiality; rather, it is about recognizing the shared values and commitments that bind societies. “We often confuse impartiality with neutrality,” she remarked. “True impartiality involves the courage to stand for what is right, even when it is inconvenient.” This understanding underscores that ethical governance is not passive; it actively shapes the structures within which decisions are made, ensuring they align with justice, equity, and the public good.

Good Governance: A Prerequisite for Trust

Democracy thrives on trust. Yet, as former judge and compliance expert David Velázquez highlighted, this trust is fragile and must be earned through governance that is transparent, accountable, and inclusive. “Public and private integrity cannot exist in silos,” Velázquez asserted. He drew attention to the European Union’s evolving governance frameworks, such as the directives on public procurement and whistleblower protection, which aim to standardize transparency and fairness across member states.

The need for good governance becomes even more pressing in an era of global interdependence. Velázquez spoke about the challenges of harmonizing regulations across borders, emphasizing that inconsistent governance creates vulnerabilities exploited by corruption and bad faith actors. He pointed to the necessity of public-private partnerships rooted in ethical commitments, saying, “Integrity is not optional—it is the foundation of sustainable cooperation.”

Good governance also requires institutions to be adaptable. As Román noted, “We live in a time of acceleration and volatility. Institutions must be stable yet flexible enough to respond to rapid change without losing their ethical bearings.” This dual mandate—stability and adaptability—reflects the complex demands of governance in a world increasingly shaped by crises, from climate change to social inequality.

Implications for Urbanists and Social Architects

For urbanists and social architects, the principles of ethics and good governance resonate deeply. Cities are not merely physical spaces; they are arenas where power, policy, and participation converge. Decisions about urban design and development have profound implications for democracy, equity, and inclusion.

At its core, ethical urbanism challenges practitioners to ask: Who are cities for? Whose voices are prioritized in the planning and design processes? The answers to these questions reveal the moral fabric of our urban environments. Inclusive design is not just a technical choice; it is a democratic imperative. Public spaces, housing, transportation, and green infrastructure must be designed to reflect and serve diverse communities.

For example, the design of public housing cannot merely address the need for shelter; it must also promote dignity and social cohesion. Parks and public plazas should not just be aesthetically pleasing but also accessible and welcoming to marginalized groups. These decisions, while seemingly mundane, have ripple effects on how democracy is experienced in daily life.

Moreover, as urbanists, we must grapple with the power dynamics embedded in our work. Urban development often intersects with issues of displacement, gentrification, and environmental justice. Good governance in urbanism requires transparency in decision-making, meaningful community engagement, and accountability mechanisms to prevent harm.

The Intersections of Ethics, Governance, and Democracy

The intersection of ethics and governance is perhaps most visible in how we address systemic inequalities. As Román observed, “The real test of governance is how it serves those who are least powerful.” Democracies are judged not by how they cater to the majority but by how they protect the rights and dignity of minorities, marginalized groups, and future generations.

Velázquez added another dimension to this conversation, emphasizing the role of compliance mechanisms in enforcing ethical governance. “Governance is not just about rules; it’s about creating systems that enable accountability,” he said. He pointed to whistleblower protections as an example of how governance can empower individuals to challenge corruption and malpractice, thus strengthening democratic institutions.

The Call to Action

Ethics and good governance are not abstract ideals—they are actionable frameworks that influence every aspect of society, from policymaking to urban planning. For those of us shaping the built environment, these principles remind us that our work is deeply political. The decisions we make about land use, zoning, and infrastructure are decisions about who has power, who has access, and who belongs.

The European Capital of Democracy ceremony ended with a reflection that encapsulates this ethos: “Ethics must succeed, for it is the foundation of effective governance and the promise of a just society.” In the 21st century, the challenges we face—climate crises, social fragmentation, and technological disruption—demand not only technical solutions but also moral clarity.

As architects, urbanists, and citizens, we are called to contribute to a shared project: building communities where democracy is not only a system of governance but a lived reality. To achieve this, we must prioritize ethics and good governance, recognizing that they are not ends in themselves but means to a future where everyone can thrive.

“A part of what has characterized life in European cities has taken place in their open public spaces. The public space has not been the negative space of homes but the positive space of the city. Public space has emerged, it has been created to be the place of assembly, the market, the celebration, justice, theater, work, play, encounter, conversation, religion, carnival, music…” – Jan Gehl

Public space, as noted by Jan Gehl, has been the backdrop of a rich and diverse urban life over the centuries. It has been a place where the community gathers, celebrates, and becomes part of the city’s history. In this ode to public space, we will explore the importance of using this space for celebrations and festivals, with a particular focus on how these events shape public space and transform it into a living platform for culture, diversity, and collective identity.

Public space is more than urban infrastructure; it is a place where life takes shape and experiences are shared. Festivals in public space enrich the city and breathe life into the collective imagination. These celebrations not only configure the physical space but also endow it with new meaning, utilizing the opportunities it provides.

Events held in public space become true manifestations of gathering and community. People from all corners of the city converge there, turning strangers into friends in this festive and celebratory atmosphere. This meeting promotes community cohesion and fosters social interaction, as participants share a sense of unity and belonging to a common space. Festivals in public space are not isolated events but become points of encounter and connection between neighbors and visitors, weaving a community network that unites people from different backgrounds.

Furthermore, these events also serve as vehicles for culture and tradition. Many festivals celebrated in public space are inherently linked to local culture and traditions. From musical performances to traditional attire and specific rituals, these celebrations help preserve and transmit the rich cultural heritage of the community. Through music, dance, performances, and other cultural elements, the identity and roots of the community are highlighted, allowing these traditions to continue to thrive through the generations.

Diversity and inclusion are also fundamental values that are evident in public space celebrations. These celebrations offer an opportunity for people of all kinds, regardless of their ethnic background, religion, social class, or other characteristics, to celebrate together. Public space becomes a place where differences fade away, and people come together to enjoy a prejudice-free and barrier-free celebration environment. This dimension of inclusion and diversity promotes a deeper and more respectful understanding of different cultures and encourages peaceful coexistence and the acceptance of diversity within society.

Examples of Public Space Festivities

Carnival in Brazil

Public space becomes crucial for the Carnival celebrations in Brazil, as it is the main stage where this celebration comes to life and significance. Carnival is a rich cultural manifestation deeply rooted in the country’s history, with its origins in the colonial era and the interaction between indigenous, African, and European cultures. In this sense, public space becomes the area of maximum expression of this cultural and religious diversity.

Author Emanuelle Kierulff explores how different samba schools occupy and define public spaces through their parades and celebrations, thus shaping the urban and territorial space of different neighborhoods. The samba school parades become true public spectacles that use the main streets of the cities, emphasizing and reclaiming these spaces as venues for cultural expression. Furthermore, Carnival street parties are the setting where the city’s inhabitants can participate in and experience this cultural expression as direct actors.

In this sense, public space is not merely a backdrop for Carnival celebrations; it becomes an active protagonist that shapes the cultural identity of local communities. This transformation of public space into a place of celebration, encounter, and cultural expression is essential for the continuity and evolution of this important Brazilian festival, highlighting the importance of public space as a stage and cultural mediator in celebrations worldwide.

Las Fallas in Valencia

Las Fallas in Valencia is an iconic and emblematic celebration that highlights the importance of public space in the city’s life and culture. This festival, with its ephemeral artistic monuments and fireworks shows, unfolds in every corner of Valencia, turning public space into a collective stage where cultural and social communion takes place. The streets, squares, and small plazas become meeting places where Valencians and visitors come together to enjoy this unique celebration.

The Fallas festival, with its deep roots and strong connections to Valencia’s history, serves as a paradigmatic example of how public space becomes a stage for cultural and social expression. This is where art, tradition, and creativity are manifested, as local and foreign artists work to build the magnificent monuments that will be burned in a spectacular fire ceremony after a few days. Public space in Valencia comes to life with cultural events during this festival, and Las Fallas would not be what they are without their intrinsic relationship with the city’s streets and squares.

Patum in Berga, Catalonia

Public space plays a fundamental role in the celebration of the Patum de Berga, a traditional and ancient festival declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The Plaza de San Pedro and other streets and squares in Berga become the main stage where this festival comes to life. As mentioned by Richard Sennett, public space is the stage for the festival, the place where the community gathers to celebrate its cultural roots. The layout and configuration of Berga’s public space allow the different “collas” or groups participating in the Patum to perform their traditional acts and dances with precision and spectacle. Public space becomes the soul of the festival, where social interaction and connection with local culture are possible. This celebration is a vivid example of how public space can be a platform for the preservation and transmission of cultural traditions, connecting people with their history and the roots of their past.

Holi, India

Public space in India plays a crucial role in the celebration of Holi, the festival of colors that is one of the country’s most iconic celebrations. Holi is a commemoration of spring and the victory of good over evil. The streets and squares of cities and towns become the main stage for this festival, where people gather to throw vibrant colored powders, dance, sing, and share joy.

Public space becomes a meeting place and a focal point for the community during Holi, where social and economic differences disappear, and people of all backgrounds can participate in the celebration. This festive event promotes community cohesion and offers the opportunity to promote India’s own culture and traditions, contributing to their continuity and enrichment.

The use of public space during Holi reflects the deep-rooted nature of this festival in the everyday lives of people in India. Additionally, public space becomes a witness to the diversity and inclusion that characterize this celebration, as people from different backgrounds come together to enjoy a festival that celebrates life, fertility, and unity. It is in India’s public space that Holi comes to full fruition and becomes a living manifestation of the country’s culture and identity.

Qualities of Public Space

Therefore, a good public space for hosting festivities or celebrations worldwide must meet several important requirements. The key elements necessary include:

• Spaciousness and Accessibility: The space must be large enough to accommodate festivities and should be accessible to people with reduced mobility, with clear access and exit routes for emergencies.
• Platforms or Stages: Temporary platforms or stages are often needed for participants to carry out their performances.
• Adequate Lighting: If the event takes place at night, it is essential that the space has proper lighting to ensure safety and visibility.
• Information and Assistance Points: Establish information and assistance points with qualified personnel focused on addressing emergency situations or assisting individuals who may feel insecure. These points can provide information on how to navigate the event safely and serve as locations to collect incident reports.
• Spectator Areas: The public space must have designated areas where spectators can safely watch the performances without interfering with the participants.
• Basic Services: Facilities such as public restrooms, water points, and emergency services (such as medical personnel and security personnel) should be available to all participants.
• Safe Design: The space should be designed to ensure the safety of participants and spectators. This may include safety barriers, signage, and controlled access.
• Cleaning and Waste Collection: Authorities should coordinate cleaning and waste collection services to ensure that the public space remains clean and safe during and after the event.
• Public Transportation Accessibility: A good public space should be easily accessible via public transportation to facilitate the participation of people from outside the area.

Public space festivities are living witnesses to culture, tradition, and diversity. These events not only configure the physical space but also transform it into a platform for community cohesion and inclusion. Celebrations such as the Rio Carnival, the Fallas of Valencia, the Patum of Berga, and Holi in India demonstrate how public space can be a place of gathering and celebration where diversity is celebrated. These festivals make public space come alive, changing and becoming essential for city life, and reminding everyone that the streets are not just for traffic but for community and culture.

* References 

• Ferri, L. (2007). Las Fallas de Valencia. Un análisis desde la perspectiva urbana. Cuadernos de estudios urbanos y regionales, 8(19), 97-118.

• Porcar, A. M. (2014). Las Fallas de Valencia y el patrimonio cultural. Apuntes desde la antropología urbana. Revista d’etnologia de Catalunya, (39), 26-35.

• Richard Sennett, “The Uses of Disorder: Personal Identity and City Life.”
• Patum de Berga, “Declaració de la Patum com a Patrimoni Cultural Immaterial de la Humanitat per la UNESCO.”

Democracy is often reduced to the act of voting: electing representatives to speak on behalf of the people and waiting until the next election cycle to make our voices heard again. However, democracy in its truest form must extend far beyond the ballot box. It requires the active participation of citizens in decision-making processes and must be rooted in the everyday experiences and struggles of the people. Social movements, in particular, have historically played a vital role in expanding the democratic process and ensuring that it remains alive, dynamic, and inclusive.

Recently, I had the opportunity to attend the Biennale de Pensament in Barcelona, where I listened to thought-provoking discussions on the importance of protecting democracy and the role of participatory democracy in this endeavor. Speakers like Donatella Della Porta, Amador Fernández-Savater, and Claudia Delso Carreira provided powerful insights into how we can strengthen democratic processes by fostering greater citizen involvement and collective action. Their reflections reinforced the idea that participatory democracy is not just a theoretical concept but a practical necessity in the face of growing threats to democratic systems worldwide.

The Limits of Representative Democracy

Representative democracy, though an essential pillar of modern governance, is often insufficient in addressing the complexities and inequalities that exist within society. Elections can too easily become disconnected from the realities of marginalized groups—whether due to gender, class, race, or sexual orientation. Social movements, on the other hand, bring these marginalized voices to the forefront. As one speaker points out, “There are many power dynamics that humiliate certain bodies,” highlighting how systemic oppression targets particular groups. Traditional democratic structures may overlook these issues, but social movements create spaces where those who have been silenced can be heard.

Participatory democracy offers a framework for transforming these frustrations into action. It is not merely about voting once every few years but about engaging directly with the issues that matter most to the people. It is about dialogue, collective problem-solving, and forming alliances across diverse sectors of society. This process of “inventing an identity and forming alliances with people different from you” reflects a more profound democratic engagement—one that allows for the development of a more inclusive society.

The Role of Social Movements in Expanding Democracy

Social movements have always been at the heart of democratic transformation. From labor rights to women’s suffrage, from civil rights to environmental justice, movements are born out of the need to address injustices and bring about change. These movements do more than just demand reforms; they challenge the very structures that perpetuate inequality and offer alternative visions of governance and community.

In recent years, movements such as the Tenants’ Union and grassroots initiatives around the world have demonstrated the power of collective action. One significant example comes from Bolivia, where a community-driven museum challenges colonial narratives by involving indigenous communities as co-authors of the museum’s exhibits. This participatory approach disrupts traditional power dynamics and reshapes the way knowledge is produced and shared. As one observer noted, “We must learn to listen with respect, observe, and change established practices that perpetuate domination.”

By pushing beyond the established limits of representative democracy, social movements remind us that democracy is not static. It must be continuously worked on and protected. These movements have the potential to reshape public spaces, create more equitable institutions, and engage citizens in meaningful ways. They serve as vital incubators for democratic innovation and hold power to account when traditional political structures fall short.

Participatory Democracy as an Antidote to the Market-Driven System

One of the primary challenges facing democracy today is the increasing influence of neoliberal market forces that prioritize profit over people. The dominance of the market system has seeped into every aspect of life, including democratic institutions, turning citizens into consumers rather than active participants. In response, social movements and participatory democracy offer a pathway to reclaim public space from the grips of market logic.

As another commentator pointed out, we are living in a time when “market life fosters selfish behavior,” but our very nature as human beings is built on cooperation. Participatory democracy, when practiced fully, brings people together in a shared space where cooperation, not competition, becomes the guiding principle.

In this light, democracy is not just a tool for governance but a space for building community and solidarity. It provides an alternative to the neoliberal notion of individualism, emphasizing instead collective well-being. The idea that “our cells are designed to cooperate” challenges the belief that democracy must be structured around competition and power struggles. Participatory democracy calls for inclusiveness, deliberation, and shared responsibility for the collective good.

Protecting Democracy in the Face of Reactionary Politics

The rise of far-right movements and populist leaders worldwide represents a significant threat to democracy. These reactionary forces often appeal to people’s fears, manipulating them with misinformation and xenophobia. Social movements, however, can act as a counterforce by promoting informed and empathetic dialogue. The growth of movements that challenge corporate dominance in education, healthcare, and housing demonstrates that citizens are not willing to passively accept these threats to their well-being.

But for these movements to be effective, they must move beyond mere criticism of the system. Critique is important, but as one scholar notes, “Criticism is a way of not wanting anything to change.” Instead of simply pointing out what is wrong, movements must focus on building something better—creating spaces where people can come together to imagine and construct new futures.

It is crucial that social movements continue to expand the meaning of democracy beyond its institutional limitations. Democracy should not be confined to voting once every few years or limited to the decisions of a few elected officials. True democracy requires ongoing engagement and the protection of spaces where citizens can collaborate, challenge power, and work toward a common good.

The Future of Democracy: Building a Collective Project

The challenges facing democracy today are immense, but so are the opportunities. As social movements around the world continue to mobilize, they are showing that democracy can be more than a set of procedures or institutions—it can be a vibrant, participatory process rooted in the everyday lives of citizens.

Building on the lessons from past and present movements, we must continue to expand the scope of democracy, ensuring that it becomes more inclusive, equitable, and responsive to the needs of all people. As one speaker said, “Transformation is not just about the content, but about the ways of doing things.” We must rethink how we practice democracy, and this begins with embracing participatory methods that empower citizens to take an active role in shaping the world around them.

In conclusion, protecting democracy requires more than safeguarding elections or political institutions—it demands fostering a culture of participation, where diverse voices can come together, share their stories, and build new forms of solidarity. Social movements will continue to be the engine driving this transformation, and through them, we can build a democracy that truly works for everyone.

Quotes:

• “Cooperation is not just a tool of resistance, but a fundamental part of our human nature; it is how we have overcome adversity over time.”
• “Transformation is not just about content, but about the ways of doing things.”
• “We must learn to listen with respect, observe, and change established practices that perpetuate domination.”
• “Criticism is a way of not wanting anything to change. The real challenge is to build spaces where we can imagine and create better futures.”
• “Market life fosters selfishness, but our human nature is designed for cooperation.”

In a world where democracy faces constant threats, social movements and participatory democracy remain vital in keeping it alive and meaningful.

Avance arrossegant els peus, que carreguen el dia sencer, però es desenganxen de la vorera i em vaig elevant pel carrer mig buit. Per damunt de paperots i burilles, dels cotxes aparcats en filera. Per damunt de l’aparador de la botiga de marcs i motllures a punt de tancar, del dring dels gots al Sabadelle, acabat d’obrir, i del senyal lluminós de l’hostal Mar de Plata, que mai no s’apaga.

Tres, quatre, cinc metres. Seguisc surant amunt entre edificis. Ja estic a l’alçada de les finestres del segon pis. Passe tan a prop que podria parlar amb els habitants de l’immoble. Escoltar el telenotícies amb l’home de la samarreta de tirants estovat al sofà. Tastar la sopa que ja fa estona que bombolleja, al costat de la taula de cuina del pis d’estudiants. Acariciar les tovalloles esponjoses que Pepa despenja eixutes dels cordills de la galeria.

Set, vuit,  nou metres. Surar em fa sentir lliure. Desapareixen les línies dels adoquins, es desdibuixen les copes dels arbres i les tasques del calendari. Una munió de llumetes desenfocades sembren el paisatge urbà, com si Seurat estigués pintant la poqueta nit del segle XXI: les tireres de fanals groguencs que serpentegen els carrers, els ulls blancs dels cotxes que vénen, i els rojos dels que van, la coreografia en bucle dels cicles semafòrics.

Per mi, és el camí màgic a casa. No totes pensen que ho és de màgic, potser no són conscients del privilegi de travessar la ciutat en vol rasant. Però cap de les persones que suren al meu voltant té pressa. Això és. Això tenim en comú. N’hi ha que passegen de la mà, i d’altres que sostenen una corretja. N’hi ha que pausen el cap amb l’horitzó i n’hi ha que suen l’estrés de la feina a tota virolla. Gossos que s’empaiten. Autofotos temeràries. La xica de les vuit. Però cap tenim pressa.

És un camí flotant que envolta el barri a deu metres d’alçada. Com les anelles de fum de cigarreta que es fan exhalant. O els cinturons d’asteroides de Saturn. Comparable al High Line de Nova York, però sense gentrificar. Sense restriccions horàries ni pol·lució. Amb el pòsit de segles d’històries a sobre. No és cap jardí, però sobrevola el bosc sagrat, i s’hi pot passejar sense detindre’s, perquè al ser un rogle no té principi ni final. 

La xica de les vuit s’abriga sempre amb colls infinits teixits a crochet, i amb barrets de llana. Amb borla. Els hi fa sa mare. Avui els duu blancs, però de colls i barrets en té de molts colors. I sempre combinen, com si eixiren d’una mateixa paleta de tardor, de terra mullada i fulles caigudes. Sempre ens creuem a aquestes hores, però la foscor només ens deixa descobrir-nos quan som molt a prop, amb el temps just de mirar-se de reüll i esbossar un somriure. Perquè per saber si algú et mira als ulls tu l’has de mirar alhora també. O per saber si es gira a veure com t’allunyes. 

Jo no ho sé si es gira quan m’allunye, però continue endavant, pel camí màgic a casa, perquè sé que en pocs minuts ens tornarem a creuar sobrevolant el barri. Fins que de tants instants en fem una estona.

* Referències 

Text inspirat en la vida quotidiana de la muralla de Lugo com a espai públic singular i extraordinari.

• La muralla de Lugo
• La desmaterialització de la muralla
• El bar Sabadelle
• O bosque sagrado
• The High Line, New York
• Georges Seurat
• Coll infinit a crochet
• Publicació original

Image: Dibuix de Juan Creus Andrade per a la publicació “Recinto. Lugo: historia y ciudad”, 2014.